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动态性动词与静态性动词(16)
来源:伟德国际1946源自英国     发布时间:2011-09-06    作者:admin     摄影:     校对:无    审核:暂无  

第二章 始动性动词( Inchoative Verb)

始动性动词是与其相应的延续性动词(Continuative Verb)相互依赖、相互比较而存在的。下面详细论述这两类动词的特点:

1)始动性动词表示由一种状态向另一种状态过渡的动作,常用的动词有get,become,grow,come ,go, turn,wear,run,fall等。延续性动词则表示该动作保持处同一不变的状态,常用的动词有keep,remain, stay等

我们先以一天的起居为例加以说明。一个人每天通常要经历get up→be/stay up→go to bed→be/stay in bed→四个循环状态,其中 get up和 go to bed是始动性动词, be/stay up和 be/stay in bed是延续性动词,例如:

1)a.On Sundays he doesn't get up till/until lunch time.

b. On Sundays he stays in bed till/until lunch time.

(星期天他到吃午饭时才起床。)

2) a. She stayed up till/until midnight.

b. She didn't go to bed till/until midnight.

(她一直到半夜才上床睡觉。)

再以睡觉过程为例,要经历fall asleep/go to sleep →be/remain asleep→wake up→be/remain/stay awake 四个阶段,其中 fall asleep/go to sleep和 wake up是始动性动词,而be/remain asleep和be/remain/stay awake是延续性动词,例如:

3) a. I shan't go to sleep all night if I have any coffee.

b.I shall stay awake all night if I have any coffee.

(如果我喝了咖啡,我就一夜睡不着。)

4) a. John woke up.

b.John didn't remain asleep.

(约翰醒了。/约翰不睡了。)

5) a. John fell asleep.

b.John didn't remain awake.

(约翰睡着了。/约翰不再是醒着。)

6) a. John didn't wake up.

b. John remained asleep.

(约翰没醒。/约翰还在睡。)

7) a. John didn't fall asleep.

b. John remained awake.

(约翰没睡着。/约翰还醒着。)

从上面例子可以看出,始动性动词表明前一个延续状态的结束和下一个延续状态的开始,而延续性动词则表明保持一种状态,而不开始下一个始动状态。

(2)两类动词具有相互否定的逻辑关系,试以“去”、“留”两个动词为例:

a. stay= not leave/not go away b.leave=no longer stay 例如:

8) a.John didn't stay in.

b. John went out.

(约翰没呆在家里。/约翰出去了。)

9) a. The boy didn't go to school yesterday.

b.The boy stayed at home yesterday.

(昨天这个孩子没上学。/呆在家里。)

10) a. The student won't leave the university during the summer vacation.

b. The student won't go away from the university during the summer vacation.

c.The student will stay at the university during the summer vacation.

(这个员工暑假不离开学校。/呆在学校里。)

11) a. Must you go so soon?

b. Can't you stay a bit longer?

c.Can't you stay any longer?

(你非得这么早走吗?/你不能多呆一些时候吗?)

12) a. She is no longer in the city.

b.She no longer stays in the city.

c.She has left the city.

d.She has gone away from the city.

(她已不在这城市里。/她已离开这座城市。)

再以动词“行”与“止”为例:

a.still move=not stop yet b.already stop=not move any more 例如:

13) a. The car is still moving.

b. The car is still in motion.

c.The car has not stopped yet.

(汽车仍在行进。/汽车还没有停下来。)

14) a. The car has already stopped.

b.The car doesn't move any more.

c.The car is no longer in motion.

d. The car is now at rest.

(汽车已经停下来。/汽车不再前行。)

由上所述,始动性动词是对相应的延续性动词的否同样地,延续性动词也是对相应的始动性动词的否(3)两类动词之间有着紧密的语义逻辑关系,现以始动性动词begin和延续性动词continue为例加以说明:

15) a. John began to smoke.

b.John didn't continue not to smoke.

(约翰开始吸烟。/约翰不再戒烟了。)

16) a. John began not to smoke.

b.John didn't continue to smoke.

(约翰开始戒烟。/约翰不再吸烟了。)

17) a. John didn't begin to smoke.

b.John continued not to smoke.

(约翰并没有开始吸烟。/约翰继续不吸烟。)

18) a. John didn't begin not to smoke.

b. John continued to smoke.

(约翰并没有开始戒烟。/约翰继续吸烟。)

上面四组例句中begin和continue的语义逻辑关系,可以总结如下:

begin to smoke = not continue not to smoke
begin not to smoke = not continue to smoke
not begin to smoke = continue not to smoke
not begin not to smoke = continue to smoke